SoilGrids1km — Global Soil Information Based on Automated Mapping
Identifieur interne : 000182 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000181; suivant : 000183SoilGrids1km — Global Soil Information Based on Automated Mapping
Auteurs : Tomislav Hengl [Pays-Bas] ; Jorge Mendes De Jesus [Pays-Bas] ; Robert A. Macmillan [Canada] ; Niels H. Batjes [Pays-Bas] ; Gerard B. M. Heuvelink [Pays-Bas] ; Eloi Ribeiro [Pays-Bas] ; Alessandro Samuel-Rosa [Brésil] ; Bas Kempen [Pays-Bas] ; Johan G. B. Leenaars [Pays-Bas] ; Markus G. Walsh [Tanzanie] ; Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez [Pays-Bas]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Soils are widely recognized as a non-renewable natural resource and as biophysical carbon sinks. As such, there is a growing requirement for global soil information. Although several global soil information systems already exist, these tend to suffer from inconsistencies and limited spatial detail.
We present SoilGrids1km — a global 3D soil information system at 1 km resolution — containing spatial predictions for a selection of soil properties (at six standard depths): soil organic carbon (g kg−1), soil pH, sand, silt and clay fractions (%), bulk density (kg m−3), cation-exchange capacity (cmol+/kg), coarse fragments (%), soil organic carbon stock (t ha−1), depth to bedrock (cm), World Reference Base soil groups, and USDA Soil Taxonomy suborders. Our predictions are based on global spatial prediction models which we fitted, per soil variable, using a compilation of major international soil profile databases (ca. 110,000 soil profiles), and a selection of ca. 75 global environmental covariates representing soil forming factors. Results of regression modeling indicate that the most useful covariates for modeling soils at the global scale are climatic and biomass indices (based on MODIS images), lithology, and taxonomic mapping units derived from conventional soil survey (Harmonized World Soil Database). Prediction accuracies assessed using 5–fold cross-validation were between 23–51%.
SoilGrids1km provide an initial set of examples of soil spatial data for input into global models at a resolution and consistency not previously available. Some of the main limitations of the current version of SoilGrids1km are: (1) weak relationships between soil properties/classes and explanatory variables due to scale mismatches, (2) difficulty to obtain covariates that capture soil forming factors, (3) low sampling density and spatial clustering of soil profile locations. However, as the SoilGrids system is highly automated and flexible, increasingly accurate predictions can be generated as new input data become available. SoilGrids1km are available for download via
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105992
PubMed: 25171179
PubMed Central: 4149475
Affiliations:
- Brésil, Canada, Pays-Bas, Tanzanie
- Gueldre (province), État de New York, État de Rio de Janeiro
- New York, Rio de Janeiro, Wageningue
- Université Columbia, Université de Wageningue
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000171
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 000563
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 000563
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 000563
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 000182
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Le document en format XML
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B." last="Leenaars">Johan G. B. Leenaars</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Markus G" sort="Walsh, Markus G" uniqKey="Walsh M" first="Markus G." last="Walsh">Markus G. Walsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, and Selian Agricultural Research Inst., Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, and Selian Agricultural Research Inst., Arusha</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">New York</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez" sort="Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez" uniqKey="Gonzalez M" first="Maria Ruiperez" last="Gonzalez">Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25171179</idno><idno type="pmc">4149475</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149475</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4149475</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0105992</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000171</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000563</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000563</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000563</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000182</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000182</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000182</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">SoilGrids1km — Global Soil Information Based on Automated Mapping</title><author><name sortKey="Hengl, Tomislav" sort="Hengl, Tomislav" uniqKey="Hengl T" first="Tomislav" last="Hengl">Tomislav Hengl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jesus, Jorge Mendes" sort="De Jesus, Jorge Mendes" uniqKey="De Jesus J" first="Jorge Mendes" last="De Jesus">Jorge Mendes De Jesus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macmillan, Robert A" sort="Macmillan, Robert A" uniqKey="Macmillan R" first="Robert A." last="Macmillan">Robert A. Macmillan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>LandMapper Environmental Solutions Inc., Edmonton, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>LandMapper Environmental Solutions Inc., Edmonton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Edmonton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batjes, Niels H" sort="Batjes, Niels H" uniqKey="Batjes N" first="Niels H." last="Batjes">Niels H. Batjes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heuvelink, Gerard B M" sort="Heuvelink, Gerard B M" uniqKey="Heuvelink G" first="Gerard B. M." last="Heuvelink">Gerard B. M. Heuvelink</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Wageningen University, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Eloi" sort="Ribeiro, Eloi" uniqKey="Ribeiro E" first="Eloi" last="Ribeiro">Eloi Ribeiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samuel Rosa, Alessandro" sort="Samuel Rosa, Alessandro" uniqKey="Samuel Rosa A" first="Alessandro" last="Samuel-Rosa">Alessandro Samuel-Rosa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement><region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kempen, Bas" sort="Kempen, Bas" uniqKey="Kempen B" first="Bas" last="Kempen">Bas Kempen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leenaars, Johan G B" sort="Leenaars, Johan G B" uniqKey="Leenaars J" first="Johan G. B." last="Leenaars">Johan G. B. Leenaars</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Markus G" sort="Walsh, Markus G" uniqKey="Walsh M" first="Markus G." last="Walsh">Markus G. Walsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, and Selian Agricultural Research Inst., Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, and Selian Agricultural Research Inst., Arusha</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">New York</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez" sort="Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez" uniqKey="Gonzalez M" first="Maria Ruiperez" last="Gonzalez">Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>ISRIC — World Soil Information, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Soils are widely recognized as a non-renewable natural resource and as biophysical carbon sinks. As such, there is a growing requirement for global soil information. Although several global soil information systems already exist, these tend to suffer from inconsistencies and limited spatial detail.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We present SoilGrids1km — a global 3D soil information system at 1 km resolution — containing spatial predictions for a selection of soil properties (at six standard depths): soil organic carbon (g kg−1), soil pH, sand, silt and clay fractions (%), bulk density (kg m−3), cation-exchange capacity (cmol+/kg), coarse fragments (%), soil organic carbon stock (t ha−1), depth to bedrock (cm), World Reference Base soil groups, and USDA Soil Taxonomy suborders. Our predictions are based on global spatial prediction models which we fitted, per soil variable, using a compilation of major international soil profile databases (ca. 110,000 soil profiles), and a selection of ca. 75 global environmental covariates representing soil forming factors. Results of regression modeling indicate that the most useful covariates for modeling soils at the global scale are climatic and biomass indices (based on MODIS images), lithology, and taxonomic mapping units derived from conventional soil survey (Harmonized World Soil Database). Prediction accuracies assessed using 5–fold cross-validation were between 23–51%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>SoilGrids1km provide an initial set of examples of soil spatial data for input into global models at a resolution and consistency not previously available. Some of the main limitations of the current version of SoilGrids1km are: (1) weak relationships between soil properties/classes and explanatory variables due to scale mismatches, (2) difficulty to obtain covariates that capture soil forming factors, (3) low sampling density and spatial clustering of soil profile locations. However, as the SoilGrids system is highly automated and flexible, increasingly accurate predictions can be generated as new input data become available. SoilGrids1km are available for download via <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://soilgrids.org">http://soilgrids.org</ext-link> under a Creative Commons Non Commercial license.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, Pa" uniqKey="Sanchez P">PA Sanchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahamed, S" uniqKey="Ahamed S">S Ahamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carre, F" uniqKey="Carre F">F Carré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartemink, Ae" uniqKey="Hartemink A">AE Hartemink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hempel, J" uniqKey="Hempel J">J Hempel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Viscarra Rossel, Ra" uniqKey="Viscarra Rossel R">RA Viscarra Rossel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, R" uniqKey="Webster R">R Webster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bui, En" uniqKey="Bui 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H." last="Batjes">Niels H. Batjes</name><name sortKey="De Jesus, Jorge Mendes" sort="De Jesus, Jorge Mendes" uniqKey="De Jesus J" first="Jorge Mendes" last="De Jesus">Jorge Mendes De Jesus</name><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez" sort="Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez" uniqKey="Gonzalez M" first="Maria Ruiperez" last="Gonzalez">Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez</name><name sortKey="Heuvelink, Gerard B M" sort="Heuvelink, Gerard B M" uniqKey="Heuvelink G" first="Gerard B. M." last="Heuvelink">Gerard B. M. Heuvelink</name><name sortKey="Heuvelink, Gerard B M" sort="Heuvelink, Gerard B M" uniqKey="Heuvelink G" first="Gerard B. M." last="Heuvelink">Gerard B. M. Heuvelink</name><name sortKey="Kempen, Bas" sort="Kempen, Bas" uniqKey="Kempen B" first="Bas" last="Kempen">Bas Kempen</name><name sortKey="Leenaars, Johan G B" sort="Leenaars, Johan G B" uniqKey="Leenaars J" first="Johan G. B." last="Leenaars">Johan G. B. Leenaars</name><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Eloi" sort="Ribeiro, Eloi" uniqKey="Ribeiro E" first="Eloi" last="Ribeiro">Eloi Ribeiro</name></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Macmillan, Robert A" sort="Macmillan, Robert A" uniqKey="Macmillan R" first="Robert A." last="Macmillan">Robert A. Macmillan</name></noRegion></country><country name="Brésil"><region name="État de Rio de Janeiro"><name sortKey="Samuel Rosa, Alessandro" sort="Samuel Rosa, Alessandro" uniqKey="Samuel Rosa A" first="Alessandro" last="Samuel-Rosa">Alessandro Samuel-Rosa</name></region></country><country name="Tanzanie"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Walsh, Markus G" sort="Walsh, Markus G" uniqKey="Walsh M" first="Markus G." last="Walsh">Markus G. Walsh</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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